September is Prostate Cancer Awareness Month, making it an important time for men to learn about prostate cancer, understand their risk factors, and discuss appropriate screening with their healthcare provider.
Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting men. When detected at an early stage, it may be easier to treat. However, prostate cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms in its early stages, which is why conversations about screening and individual risk are important.
What Is Prostate Cancer?
The prostate is a small gland located below the bladder and in front of the rectum. It is part of the male reproductive system and helps produce some of the fluid found in semen.
Prostate cancer occurs when cells in the prostate grow abnormally and uncontrollably. Some prostate cancers grow slowly and may never cause significant problems, while others can be more aggressive and spread to other parts of the body.
Because prostate cancer can behave differently from one person to another, screening and treatment decisions should be individualized.
What Are the Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer?
Several factors may increase a man’s risk of developing prostate cancer.
Age
Age is one of the most important risk factors. The likelihood of developing prostate cancer increases as men get older.
Family History
Men with a father, brother, or other close relative who has had prostate cancer may have an increased risk, particularly when the relative was diagnosed at a younger age.
Genetic Factors
Certain inherited genetic changes can increase prostate cancer risk. Men with a strong family history of prostate, breast, ovarian, pancreatic, or related cancers should discuss their family history with their healthcare provider.
Race and Ethnicity
Prostate cancer risk and outcomes can vary among racial and ethnic groups. Men who may have a higher risk should discuss screening with their physician to determine an appropriate approach.
What Are the Symptoms of Prostate Cancer?
Early prostate cancer often causes no symptoms.
When symptoms do occur, they may include:
- Difficulty starting or maintaining urination
- Weak or interrupted urine flow
- Frequent urination, particularly at night
- Pain or burning during urination
- Blood in the urine or semen
- Difficulty maintaining an erection
- Pain in the back, hips, or pelvis
- Unexplained weight loss or weakness in more advanced disease
These symptoms do not necessarily mean that a person has prostate cancer. Benign prostate enlargement, urinary infections, and other conditions can cause similar symptoms.
If you experience new or persistent urinary symptoms, speak with your healthcare provider for an appropriate evaluation.
What Is a PSA Test?
The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test is a blood test that measures the amount of PSA in the blood.
An elevated PSA level can occur for several reasons, including:
- Prostate cancer
- Benign prostate enlargement
- Prostatitis or inflammation
- Urinary or prostate-related conditions
- Recent procedures or other factors
Therefore, an elevated PSA does not automatically mean that a man has prostate cancer.
Depending on the situation, a physician may recommend repeating the PSA test, evaluating other factors, performing additional testing, or referring the patient to a urologist.
Should Men Get Screened for Prostate Cancer?
There is no single screening schedule that is appropriate for every man.
The decision to undergo prostate cancer screening should consider factors such as:
- Age
- Family history
- Personal risk factors
- Previous PSA results
- Overall health
- Potential benefits and harms of screening
A healthcare provider can help determine whether PSA screening is appropriate and how frequently it should be considered.
Screening discussions are particularly important for men who have an increased risk of prostate cancer.
PSA Screening vs. Prostate Exam
Prostate cancer screening may involve a discussion of PSA testing and, depending on the individual’s circumstances, a digital rectal examination (DRE).
A DRE allows a healthcare professional to assess the prostate for abnormalities. However, a DRE and PSA test provide different information, and whether a DRE is appropriate depends on the patient’s individual circumstances and current clinical guidance.
Your physician can explain which screening approach is appropriate for you.
Can Prostate Cancer Be Prevented?
There is no guaranteed way to prevent prostate cancer.
However, maintaining a healthy lifestyle can contribute to overall health and may help reduce the risk of several chronic diseases.
Consider:
- Maintaining a healthy weight
- Exercising regularly
- Eating a balanced diet rich in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and lean proteins
- Limiting highly processed foods
- Avoiding tobacco products
- Limiting alcohol consumption
- Keeping blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar under control
- Attending recommended preventive health visits
Most importantly, understand your personal risk factors and discuss prostate cancer screening with your healthcare provider.
When Should You Talk to Your Doctor?
Don’t wait for symptoms to appear before discussing your prostate health.
Consider talking with your physician if you:
- Are approaching the age when prostate cancer screening may be appropriate
- Have a family history of prostate cancer
- Have previously had an elevated PSA
- Have new or persistent urinary symptoms
- Have concerns about your prostate health
- Want to understand your individual cancer screening recommendations
Your primary care physician can review your medical and family history, discuss screening options, and determine whether additional evaluation or referral is appropriate.
Take Action During Prostate Cancer Awareness Month
September is a good reminder to take a proactive approach to men’s health.
Knowing your risk factors, staying current with recommended preventive care, and having an informed conversation about prostate cancer screening can help you make decisions about your health.
If you are due for a preventive visit or have questions about prostate cancer screening, schedule an appointment with your healthcare provider.
Prostate Cancer Awareness: Frequently Asked Questions
At what age should men start prostate cancer screening?
There is no universal age that applies to every man. Screening decisions should be based on age, individual risk factors, family history, and a discussion with a healthcare professional.
Does an elevated PSA mean I have prostate cancer?
No. PSA can be elevated for several reasons, including benign prostate enlargement and inflammation. Additional evaluation may be needed to determine the cause.
Can prostate cancer cause urinary problems?
It can, but early prostate cancer frequently causes no symptoms. Urinary symptoms can also result from several noncancerous conditions.
Is prostate cancer treatable?
Many prostate cancers are treatable, particularly when detected before they have spread. Treatment depends on the cancer’s characteristics, overall health, and other individual factors.
Can younger men develop prostate cancer?
Yes. Although prostate cancer becomes more common with increasing age, younger men can develop it, particularly those with certain risk factors or a strong family history.
Protect Your Health With Preventive Care
Prostate health is one part of comprehensive men’s healthcare. Regular primary care visits provide an opportunity to review blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes risk, vaccinations, cancer screenings, medications, and other aspects of your health.
Talk with your healthcare provider about which preventive screenings are appropriate for you.
This article is for general educational purposes and does not replace personalized medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Screening recommendations may vary based on individual risk factors and current clinical guidelines.
